Electrical potential differences in topsoil

Maps of electrical potentials in topsoil help to reveal the micro-environments for plant growth and correspond to plant biomass in natural ecosystems (Pozdnyakov, 2008). Electrical resistivity (ER) or conductivity (EC) maps are generally similar to the maps of self-potentials, but using combination of those methods brings more information about infiltration and subsurface water fluxes and aid in search for clogged drainage pipes and reclamation planning (Bedmar and Araguás, 2002; Pozdnyakova et al., 2001).